Non­fic­tion

A Nation of Refugees: Rus­si­a’s Jews in World War I

January 16, 2023

When the Great War began, the Russ­ian Empire was home to more than five mil­lion Jews, the most dense­ly set­tled Jew­ish pop­u­la­tion any­where in the world. Thir­ty years lat­er, only rem­nants of this civ­i­liza­tion remained. The years of war from 1914 to 1918 launched the forces that scat­tered and destroyed East­ern Euro­pean Jew­ry and trans­formed it in ways that were sec­ond only to the Holo­caust in their mag­ni­tude. Yet lit­tle has been writ­ten about the expe­ri­ence of Rus­si­a’s Jews dur­ing this time. A Nation of Refugees uncov­ers this untold his­to­ry by reveal­ing the sto­ries of how Jew­ish civil­ians expe­ri­enced the war and its vio­lent epi­cen­ter on the East­ern Front. It presents a his­to­ry of rup­ture and dis­per­sion at a human lev­el, with accounts of indi­vid­u­als who strug­gled to sur­vive and the activists who worked to aid them.

The sto­ries in this book are drawn from hun­dreds of doc­u­ments held in pre­vi­ous­ly inac­ces­si­ble archives, the Russ­ian and Yid­dish press, and the per­son­al accounts of refugees, relief work­ers, writ­ers, artists, and polit­i­cal lead­ers. This is a his­to­ry of the first state vio­lence and mil­i­tary aggres­sion direct­ed at Jew­ish civil­ians any­where in mod­ern Europe. It is a his­to­ry of refugees, so numer­ous and scat­tered across Rus­sia that they rep­re­sent­ed the fate of the Jew­ish nation itself. And it is a his­to­ry of how Rus­si­a’s Jews formed the largest and most influ­en­tial human­i­tar­i­an cam­paign in their his­to­ry, and of their lead­ers and insti­tu­tions that endured long past the years of war and revolution.

Discussion Questions

In the cen­tu­ry since the end of the First World War, his­to­ri­ans have doc­u­ment­ed the cat­a­clysm in count­less vol­umes that seem to have cov­ered every aspect of the Great War. Hence, it is strik­ing that Pol­ly Zavadi­vk­er uncov­ers a sto­ry of major sig­nif­i­cance for both mod­ern Jew­ish and Euro­pean his­to­ry that has not been stud­ied sys­tem­at­i­cal­ly until the pub­li­ca­tion of this book: how did the five mil­lion Jews in the Russ­ian Empire expe­ri­ence the war and its vio­lence on the East­ern Front? How did Jew­ish civil­ians and activists work to pro­vide assis­tance for the Jew­ish com­mu­ni­ties dis­placed mul­ti­ple times over the course of the war? And what was the impact of mass Jew­ish dis­place­ment and the cre­ation of inter­na­tion­al Jew­ish relief orga­ni­za­tions on sub­se­quent Jew­ish polit­i­cal, social, and eco­nom­ic devel­op­ment? Based on metic­u­lous research in archival col­lec­tions in New York, Rus­sia, and Ukraine, along with an analy­sis of the Russ­ian and Yid­dish press, and the per­son­al accounts of refugees, relief work­ers, polit­i­cal and cul­tur­al lead­ers, Pol­ly Zavadi­vk­er doc­u­ments the impact of the war on East Euro­pean Jew­ish civ­i­liza­tion and the grass­roots orga­ni­za­tion of a human­i­tar­i­an cam­paign that would endure long after the war and the revolution.